A Case Study Of Apple Inc

A Case Study Of Apple Inc In the course of this paper, the author discusses about the practices of Reverse Logistics in Enterprise with Apple Inc being the case study of this discussion. This course work will be focusing on the key characteristics, benefits, implementation issues, barriers to implementation and risks of the practice. All the practices of reverse logistics would be correlated with the case study so a clear understanding is achieved on how reverse logistics really works, also a brief history of the case study is discussed herein. In previous years Reverse Logistics has been side lined and never given a serious thought, companies/organizations did not welcome the idea until recently, this was due to the fact that its introduction and implementation was perceived as a cumbersome, mainly because of its broad impact on environmental and human health (Rogers and Tibben Lembke, 1999). However today this is not the case as consumer electronics firms such as Apple, Samsung, Panasonic, Philips, Sony, etc. are now in stiff competition with each because they all practice a well organised reverse logistics scheme, this is so because such companies have come to a realisation that reverse logistics really does work boost profits, profits being the ultimate goal for every company. Furthermore firms that have not embraced and accepted the importance of an effective RL program are at very high risk of harming their organisations reputation and customers. However before one can understand the term Reverse Logistics we must first know and understand what Logistics is and what it is really all about. Gen.3:19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Logistics is the planning and management of the flow of resources between the initial point of manufacture to the final point of sale or destination. These resources can be from manufacture, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, information flow etc. (Council of logistics management, 2004) Logistics simply emphasizes the movement of products from one stage to the other (manufactures to customers), it has a number of fields but in the course of this work we will look at just one which is Reverse Logistics. Reverse Logistics is very similar to Logistics, as all the afore mentioned processes are carried out the only difference being that the activities or processes take place in the reverse or opposite direction. Reverse logistics according to Aviral Gupta 2009 can be explained in two simple steps: 1. Removal of new or used products from their original point in a supply chain and this includes, returns from consumers, over stocked inventory, or redundant merchandise. 2. Redistributing products using product return management procedure that will result in maximized value at the end of the products original useful life. Reverse Logistics is the process of removing original or used products from consumers back to the manufacturer; it is the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of re-capturing value, recycling or proper disposal. It is the process of removing new, old, unwanted or used products from one point to another, for the purpose of revalue or proper disposal. (REVLOG, 2004) Reverse Logistics is basically the process of returning a faulty, defective or no longer in use products from the customer to the manufacturer in order to recapture value, for example if one was to recycle a bottle or a piece of paper that is taking part in the reverse logistics process. 1.3 PRM and SPM The two important points within any reverse logistics process come under the areas of products return management (PRM) and service parts management (SPM). PRM is based on the receiving, processing, and nature of product that come back from the customer to the manufacturer, while the service part management focuses on having the right inventory and management at the appropriate location to support service repair operations with spare parts. An effective PRM programme offers the possibility for value improvement and cost reduction. (Michael, 2012) CHARACTERISTICS OF REVERSE LOGISTICS Some of the characteristics of a good reverse logistics process are: A reverse logistics operation must have suitable collection and service support points to receive the used products from the customer. Packaging and storage systems must ensure that the remaining value in the used product is not lost due to careless or poor handling. The transportation mode must be compatible with existing forward logistic system. Disposition includes returning goods to storage warehouses, returning goods to the original manufacturer, selling goods in secondary markets, recycling, to get maximum value realization. Landfill has to do with disposal of products or parts that cannot be used. (Aviral,2009) Below is a cycle of the process of reverse logistics. Customer Production Dept Packaging Dept Distributor Testing Disassembling Service Support Receiving Dept Re-use/Re-sell Recycling Remanufacturing Figure 1.1 The cycle explains that the product comes from the customer and goes back to the manufacturer. The customer returns the product, the product goes either to the distributor or the service and support department this then goes to the test and disassembling department when it is tested and when the problem has been diagnosed it goes to the remanufacturing department it is either the product is refurbished and re-sold or recycled and most times when the products cannot be recycled it has to be disposed of (Landfill). Regardless of the issues all products need to be collected and sorted before transporting to the next phase. People return goods for various reasons and these reasons are stated below: Commercial Returns- customers dissatisfaction or due to catalogue sales. Repairable Returns- if the product has defective components. End-of-Use Returns- when the components are no longer useful to the original owner but can be useful to another person. E.g. trade-in End-of-Life Returns- Recalled by the manufacturer LeBlanc, H.M in his PhD thesis stated that there are 5 stages in the processing of returned goods, which are: Product Acquisition Collection sorting, testing Disposition Recovering Redistribution sales. This also agrees with the process in fig 1.1 BENEFITS OF REVERSE LOGISTICS Reverse Logistics is beneficial to both customers and manufacturers, below are some benefits of reserve logistics. (Liz et al, 2000) Consistency Transport costs Improved customer service Labour saving and expertise Increased flexibility and agility through management by exception Improved partner retention and satisfaction. More key benefits are improved inventory management and high revenue by offering new products in place of the old one. (Aviral, 2009).Reverse logistics is a tool to cut cost and improve customer satisfaction; it is also a competitive strategy. The drivers of reverse logistics can act as both benefits/incentive and as barriers depending on the company. BARRIERS TO REVERSE LOGISTICS There are several reasons and explanations why companies in the past did not accept and introduce reverse logistics but today a change in the perception and understanding of RL has been noticed as several companies have not only embraced but also implemented this idea. Change for the better they say is always met with obstacles and barriers, little wonder that such a great idea that would frontier a major positive change production and manufacture has been faced with barrier and implementation issues, it is important to differentiate between these two issues, the main difference being Barriers are legal related whilst implementation issues pertains to issues relating to the company and organization. (Rogers Tibben-Lembke,1999). Some of these barriers are as follows: Legal issues Environmental issues The government has strict rules and regulations about recycling sites and also companies do not want to have to carry the extra burden of paying tax for recycling sites. The major proof of environmental problems comes from the rapid need of waste disposal. Previously the majority of the public wastes disposal was land filled, and this however poses an unacceptable environmental risk because of location of the landfill, which in hindsight have posed hazardous risks to human health through ground water contamination and toxic air emissions. (Gungor, A., Gupta, S. M., 1999) Landfill sites have become a major issue as it pertains to the environment and human health because it has played out that the cons of having a landfill far outweighs its pros, strains on the natural environment as well as sickness from contamination became the order of the day. Hence the government, environmental bodies and individual are very sceptical about Landfill sites. 4.1 ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION AND RISKS Lack of publicity and knowledge of Reverse Logistics Under-development of recycling technology Misconception Lack of management attention and company policy Companies with little or no knowledge of reverse logistics think that reverse logistics has a high cost of operation and most of these companies have low financial resources. (Kwok, H U. Yiming, W., 2009) Many companies are of the opinion that returns compared to sales generate little or no money but with the introduction and initiative of the internet, sales returns of goods products by customers have improved. (Anindya R, 2003) Forward logistics systems are not designed for reverse logistics system, some companies do not understand this fact and it leads to poor services and eventually to failure. (Laura M. Joseph S, 2002) Poor inventory deployment is also a factor because if the inventory is not managed and organised properly then companies would not know what is in their inventory and what parts they need to ask their suppliers for, when there is lack of knowledge of reverse logistics then there is bound to be risks of failure. But these issues of implementation to reverse logistics were a traditional way of thinking because these days companies have embraced the practice of reverse logistics. Financial risks are also involved when a company does not have the means and financial status to run a reverse logistics practice, practicing a good and organised forward logistics does not necessarily mean that the same company can manage a successful reverse logistics scheme without adequate knowledge and top management planning. Another issue of implementing reverse logistics is the decision to carry out the operation in-house or to outsource, this decision can be based on a number of factors; Volume: if returned goods are low in number then the need to outsource isnt necessary. Cost-control: if the subcontract can perform the tasks more cost effective then the enterprise in question then the need to outsource can be considered. Complexity of Task: if there are varieties of tasks like inspection, testing, repair, repackaging, recycling, refurbishing etc, all these are time consuming for an enterprise that isnt well into the reverse operation then the enterprise can decide to outsource. Other factors of outsourcing may include: accuracy and data control, security etc. (Jade, 2002) REVERSE LOGISTICS: IMPACT ON THE PERMONANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN The performance of reverse logistics can directly influence the entire supply chain system (Blumberg, 2005). Reverse logistics is better in information sharing between customer, supplier and manufacturers (Curran Ladd, 2000).It improves the flexibility, reliability of the supply chain system (Chopra Meindl, 2001). It helps in product development, shortened product life and development cycles can help companies to improve on their products and services. Reverse logistics helps in operational excellence and expertise, the management of products from manufacturing and into the closing stage which is sales and brings about cost and efficiency benefits of reverse logistics to the supply chain. The result of reverse logistics improves services to customers and better financial performance for the supply chain as a whole and its members individually, it reduces cost, increases revenue and customer services and help to obtain market advantage. (James, 2007) CASE STUDY: APPLE INC. 6.1 A Brief History: Apple Inc is an American worldwide enterprise which was established on April 1, 1976 and founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne with headquarters in California. According to statistics it is the worlds third largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia (Linzmayer, 1999). Apple manufactures and sells a variety of electronics computers (Mac), phones (iphones), iPods, ipads, application software printers, storage devices, speakers, headphones etc. It is a highly competitive market. Apples brand is driven by 3 elements: confidence, competence and customers, it sells worldwide through its online stores and retail stores, third-party, resellers etc. Apple sold more than 45 million units of iPod according to their annual sales report in 2007, on May 19, 2001 and it opened its first official Apple retail store in Virginia and California. 6.2 Reverse Logistics Operations: Previously their take-back (reverse logistics) program comprised of 2 methods: Customer drop-off Direct shipment to their centralized return centre When customers drop off the products at the service centres the products are merged before being shipped to the centralized return centre and customers do not have to pay for shipping and handling. In recent times Apple has added an online return system, in which a customer fills out the return form and once the application is completed successfully and it meets all required criteria Apple Inc sends a packaging box for the customer to ship the product back to them for either trade-in or whatever the case maybe. A case was published in an SC Digest about a customer who requested for his defective iPod to be returned online at the Apple website. He keyed in relevant information asked and within 12hours he got a mail from Apple confirming that the product was still under warranty and approving the return. Within 2days Apple delivered via express package service a box for shipping the product back to one of its source centres, within weeks a new iPod was delivered to him.( SC digest, 2009) Basically even if a customer goes to a service and support centre of one of the retail centres and asks for a take back or replace, the product is checked and if it is still under warranty or has a defect it is taken and shipped to the testing and disassembling centre for testing, remanufacturing, recycling or disposal if necessary and the customer does not have to pay for shipment. A personal case happened that a customer went to an Apple retail shop with a defective product for a trade-in, the product was tested and within 1week a new phone was sent to the customer. 6.3 Environmental issues and means of improving For many years Apple has been working on means to minimize the impact their products have on the environment. Their first policy was developed in 1990, since then they have been designing new means of energy efficiency, reducing environmental impact via digital consumption. In 2010 Apple introduced the Apple Battery charger for recharging batteries, instead of the disposal alkaline batteries and this reduces waste by 78%. (Apple Inc, 2012). In recent times Apple faced an enormous number of concerns about toxic pollution and industrial unit accidents at an overseas suppliers factory in China, and that environmental examinations would be separate from an independent investigate of working conditions at the overseas factory of the supplier. Apple Inc reviewed this problem and hopes to make public the results of the review. (Kathy, 2012) Greenpeace international campaigned against Apple on various environmental issues regarding a particular chemical called polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants BFRs toxins in their products, on the 2nd of May 2007 Steve Jobs released a statement announcing the policy to eliminate the toxins by the end of 2008 (Apple Inc, 2008), the enterprise has since eliminated the toxins from their products becoming the first laptop manufacturer to do so. (ABC News, 2007) Because of the issues about landfill sites Apple has devised a means to meet the energy requirements of their landfill site in Carolina using renewable resources. The energy efficient design element of Apples facility will include a construction process that utilizes 14% recycled materials diverted 93% of construction waste from landfill and sourced 41% of purchased materials within 500 miles of the site (Apple,2012). Apple is devoted to protecting and shielding the environment, health and safety of employees, customers; in fact the whole planet from environmental hazards and this is stated in their environment health and safety policy statement. Apple Inc has a life cycle assessment process that evaluates the effect a product has on the environment throughout its life cycle and the objective of the assessment does is to improve resource efficiency while trying at the same time to reduce the impact the product has on the environment during the activities of recycling, manufacturing, re-manufacturing, distribution, usage and disposal. Apple is market driven, has strong leadership, strong direction, and great software support, has a good financial analysis report so the basic implementation issues like financial issues, lack of knowledge of reverse logistics, misconception etc are not factors for Apple as compared to some other companies. 6.4 Success/benefits of implementation. Apple has mastered the act of reverse logistics and they have success stories in the following fields: impact on supply chain management, relative price performance, product quality, reliability, design innovation, marketing and distribution capacity, service and support, corporate reputation, constant development etc (John, 2010) A previous challenge that Apple had was the consumer mindset about environmental issues but the public have a better opinion about Apple products in recent years because of the extent on how Apple has gone to tackle and improve the environmental issues they had in the past. Reverse logistics has helped to improve expertise and also helped to satisfy customers. According to the table below Apple has a 45% inventory return. source:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/btl/amr-research-apple-has-the-best-supply-chain-dell-no-2/18791 CONCLUSION: In the course of this paper, the author attempted to analyze reverse logistics activities in the manufacturing/ consumer company. There are several issues in the recycling, reuse, refurbishing, or appropriate disposal of products. The primary barrier to the practice of reverse logistics programs in some organisations is lack of knowledge and misconception. The reasons to implement reverse logistics are very basic; to reuse products and salvage redistributing unsold products. Though initial studies indicate that reverse logistics practises once implemented, yield cost-savings, these examples are far and few between as has been seen with the case of Apple Inc. Information Technology plays a vital role in reverse logistics because its applications are used to trace and track the goods and products on their return trip from the customer to the initial point of manufacture. Apple has grasped this fact and it has enabled them operate in the reverse supply chain channels efficiently.

Reaction rates of marble chips :: essays research papers

How can we speed up the reaction between Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid? Contents 1. Plan  Aim  Equipment  Variable Factors  Prediction  Method  Trial Run 2. Results  Results Tables 3. Analysis and Conclusions  Graphs  Conclusions 4. Evaluation  Accuracy Of Results  Reliability  Improvements  Extending the Investigation 1. Plan Aim I am doing this experiment to find out how I can speed up the reaction rate between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Equipment This is the equipment I will use:  Gas Syringe  Glass Flask  Calcium Carbonate  Hydrochloric Acid Variable Factors The factors that could slow down or speed up this reaction are:  The size of the Calcium Carbonate (marble) pieces – This will affect how fast the acid reacts with the marble, the smaller the pieces, the bigger the surface area so the reaction can take place faster.  The amount of Calcium Carbonate – The more calcium carbonate there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The amount of Hydrochloric Acid – The more hydrochloric acid there is, the more carbon dioxide will be produced and the larger the reaction will be.  The temperature of the materials – The temperature of the materials determines how fast the reaction will take place. The hotter the materials, the faster the reaction and vice-versa.  The concentration of Hydrochloric Acid – The higher the concentration (strength) of the acid, the faster it will react.  The purity of the Calcium Carbonate pieces – The purity of the calcium carbonate will affect the speed of the reaction also. Prediction From previous experiments I have learned that if large pieces are broken into smaller pieces they react faster because they have more surface area. This is because at the molecular level, there are more molecules at the surface of the chips for the molecules of acid to react with when the chips are broken into smaller pieces. The same principle can be applied to the marble chips. The smaller the chips the more surface area so I predict that the smaller marble chips will react faster than the larger chips. Method Here is the set up: In this experiment I will be keeping the variables I mentioned earlier the same except one to keep the experiment fair. I will be changing the size of the marble chips to see which size reacts the fastest. The gas syringe is firstly clamped to the stand and a plastic tube and bung are attached to the syringe.

How to manage time Essay

The two most powerful warriors are patience and time Tolstoy Why use time management skills? It’s important that you develop effective strategies for managing your time to balance the conflicting demands of time for study, leisure, earning money and Job hunting. Time management skills are valuable in Job hunting, but also in many other aspects of life: from revising for examinations to working in a vacation Job. Sometimes it may seem that there isn’t enough time to do everything that you need to. This can lead to a build up of stress. When revising for examinations, or during your final year when you have to combine the pressures of intensive study with finding time to apply for jobs good management of your time can be particularly important. Once we have identified ways in which we can improve the management of our time, we can begin to adjust our routines and patterns of behavior to reduce any time-related stress in our lives. What skills are required for effective time management? Some of these skills including setting clear goals, breaking your goals down into discreet steps, and reviewing your progress towards your goals are covered in Action Planning. Other skills involved include prioritizing – focusing on urgent and important tasks rather than those that are not important or don’t move you towards your goals; organizing your work schedule; list making to remind you of what you need to do when; persevering when things are not working out and avoiding procrastination. Using Lists Keeping a to-do List TO DO Work Write up lecture notes. *Prepare for seminar on Thursday Decide on subject for project Go to library to get material for essay. Other *Pay rent Research employers I want to apply to. Card for Sue’s birthday Prepare draft CV Buy iron Get two tickets for concert Visit Simon Go to bank to remember everything in your head as this is a recipe for disaster! Carry a pen and paper or organizer wherever you go. At the simplest level your reminder system could simply be to use your diary to write down the things you need to do, including appointments and deadlines. Before interviews, it’s fine to write down the questions you wish to ask on a small piece of card or notepad â€Å"To stay on schedule I devised a timetable which I had to stick to. I used an electronic calendar which I programmed to send out emails as reminders to myself and my team. This was a very useful tool and it is one that I have used continuously to manage my time effectively. † Kent student. A daily list of tasks that need to be done is an essential part of action planning. Refer to and update this regularly. Priorities items on the list into important/not important and urgent/non-urgent. Such a list can take a variety of formats but an example is given to the right. Update your list daily, crossing off completed tasks and adding new tasks that need to be done. Urgent or important tasks can be highlighted with an asterisk. Advantages of using a to do list Focuses your mind on important objectives You are less likely to forget to do tasks Writing a list helps order your thoughts It helps show the bigger picture You dont need to hold everything in your head. It saves time It helps you decide on priorities: the most important and the most urgent You are less likely to become sidetracked You get the reward of ticking off your achievements You feel more in control You have a record of what you’ve done You always have something to work on Setting Goals Set yourself specific and clearly defined goals, and make sure that these are realistic and achievable. To do this, you first need to examine your present situation and assess what goals are important to you and what action you need to take to achieve your target. Have a contingency plan or alternative route to your goal in case you have to change your plans, for example, taking a relevant postgraduate course if you can’t get a Job. See Action Planning. In a survey by Accountemps 150 executives were asked, â€Å"On which day of the week are employees most productive? † Their responses: Monday 12% Tuesday 57% Wednesday 11% Thursday Friday 3% Don’t know 6% Prioritizing Efficiency and effectiveness are not the same. Someone who works hard and is well effective. To be effective, you need to decide what tasks are urgent and important and to focus on these. This is called prioritizing. It’s important to list the tasks you have and to sort these in order of priority, and then to devote most time to the most important tasks. This avoids the natural tendency to concentrate on the simple, easy tasks and to allow too many interruptions to your work. Differentiate also between urgent and important tasks: an urgent task may not necessarily be important! When job hunting, you wont be able to apply to every employer. You will need to carefully riorities those you wish to apply to, based upon factors such as closing date, location, degree class required, and chances of getting in. Avoiding Procrastination â€Å"Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today. † Benjamin Franklin Procrastination is the scourge of action planning. It’s important that you manage ‘Your fear of doing things’ you dont want to do and realize that the fear is often far worse than any possible negative results. Try to take decisions immediately when possible and when you don’t need to gather more information pertinent to the decision. The best time to do something is usually NOW. Taking action generates the impetus for further action. Many applications to prestigious employers now need to be made in the first term of your final year and if you procrastinate you’ll miss the deadlines. Breaking down tasks Break goals down into their components so that you can accomplish them one step at a time. Write these steps down, and try to be as specific as you can when you do this. Try to complete one task before you go on to the next. Reward yourself for achieving these goals to maintain your enthusiasm. For example, when you are invited to your first interview, treat yourself to a good meal with friends. Regularly review your progress towards your goals and revise plans as appropriate to take account of unforeseen changes. Persevering Inevitably, things will not always run smoothly as you progress towards your goals. When things are not working out, you need to persevere and learn how to take a positive attitude towards frustration and failure. Mistakes are a crucial part of any creative process and each is a lesson leading you towards the right solution. Fear of making or admitting mistakes is a major handicap to taking effective action. It is said that the people who have achieved the most have made the most mistakes! Try to be aware that satisfaction comes as much from pursuing goals as from achieving them. Work at effective strategies to deal with pressure – these can vary from taking exercise, to relaxation techniques such as Yoga, to simply sharing problems with friends. Being assertive can also help here, for example, politely saying no to the demands of others when you are pushed for time. Sharing tasks and problems with others will spread the burden and will bring a fresh perspective to them. Organizing your time Identify areas of your life where you are wasting time and try to reduce these. A good ay to do this is to log everything you do for a week in meticulous detail and then examine your record to see how you use (or misuse! ) your time. Develop a regular work routine. Keep your work space tidy so that you can work efficiently – it’s hard to so that you meet deadlines in good time – dont leave everything until the last minute. If you have a difficult essay to write, start by drafting out the structure first- this will break the ice. When applying for Jobs keep copies of all the applications you have made and keep a log of the date you applied, result, and a record of all your nterviews, plus you were questions asked.

Twelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup - 1070 Words

Twelve Years A Slave (1853) By Solomon Northup Publisher: Miller, Orton Mulligan, 1855 # of pages: 336 Kamila Piloto Mr. Deliard Period 4 Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup is a story about a slave whom was once free but was abducted and was sold into slavery. This story is an explanation of the suffering of slaves in the antebellum period and a demonstration of the inhumane treatment. â€Å"Before I came here I was free, a free man.† The setting of the story was in New York, Washington, and Georgia during the antebellum period. Twelve Years a Slave recounts the genuine story of Solomon Northup, conceived a free man in New York, who is hijacked and sold into bondage where inconceivable torments turn into his day by day reality for the following 12 years. The child of a liberated slave, Northup was conceived free. He existed, met expectations, and wedded in upstate New York, where his family lived. He was a multifaceted worker furthermore an expert violin player. In 1841, two cheats offered him lucrative work playing fiddle in a bazaar, so he set out with them to Washington, D.C., where he was tranquilized, captured, and therefore sold as a slave into the Red River area of Louisiana. For the following twelve years he made due as the human property of a few distinctive slave aces. In January 1853, Northup was at last liberated by Northern companions who acted the hero. They make a trip over to New York, ceasing for a period in Washington, D.C., toShow MoreRelatedTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1472 Words   |  6 PagesTwelve Years a Slave is a book which is written by Solomon Northup. He was born in New York. The book retail the author’s life story as a free black man from the North. He lived, got married to Anne Hampton, a woman of mixed (black, white, and Native American) and worked in New York, where is his family stayed. Besides, he was a great laborer and a violin player. In 1841, at the age of 33 a two con men offered him a profitable work with a high-paying job as a musician playing violin in the sierkRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1636 Words    |  7 PagesMarina Ajayby Mrs. Fred Jordan History 2010 30 November 2015 Twelve Years a Slave Twelve Years a Slave is a book which is written by Solomon Northup. He was born in New York. The book retail the author’s life story as a free black man from the North. He lived, got married to Anne Hampton, a woman of mixed (black, white, and Native American) and worked in New York, where is his family stayed. Besides, he was a great laborer and a violin player. In 1841, at the age of 33 a two con men offered himRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1284 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve Years a Slave Eric Marek HIST1301 Professor Belt 28 December 2015 In the opening of Twelve Years a Slave, it shows slaves cutting sugar cane with their â€Å"masters† continuously barking out orders for the them to follow. In the next scene, while the slaves are eating their meals in a beat up shack, Solomon Northup distinguishes the dark coloration of the blackberries and attempts to make a quill and ink. Despite solid labor, because of the thinness of the juice, his effortsRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1953 Words   |  8 Pagestrading of slaves within the colonies. In the union even though they were known as â€Å"free states† some still did not allow free slaves because of competition for jobs. Although free, black men did not have the same rights as white men such as the right to vote, and did not have the same quality of education as white people. Even though the south did not care for the race they cared for the individual because they used the slaves and they were the base of the slave owners income. Slave owners investedRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup2534 Words   |  11 Pagesnovel Twelve Years a Slave was written by Solomon Northup. This novel was turned into a film in 2013, directed by Steven McQueen. The film portrays the memoirs of an African-American male, named Solomon Northup, who was drugged, kidnapped, and sold into slavery for 12 years in the deep south of Louisiana. Northup was born and raised a fee man from New York State where he worked as violinist and lived with his wife and two children in Saratoga Springs, New York. Two men had approached Northup offeringRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1629 Words   |  7 PagesTwelve Years A Slave by Solomon Northup is a non-fiction story of Northup’s time as a slave. Northup was born in Minerva New York in 1808. At the time New York, along with other northern states were considered Free states. In Free states, slaves were able to become free, meaning they did not have to go into slavery a nd were able to live like the rest of Americans. In 1841 Northup was tricked into following two white men, Merrill brown and Abram Hamilton, who end up kidnapping Northup and sellingRead MoreSolomon Northup s Twelve Years A Slave1690 Words   |  7 PagesSolomon Northup’s Twelve Years a Slave Twelve Years a Slave was written by Solomon Northup. The book provides the reader a deeper understanding of the hardest periods in American history â€Å"slavery.† When reading Twelve Years a Slave, people can have a better understanding of how slaves were treated back in the 1800s. Northup discussed in details how slaves were mistreated and cruelly beaten by their masters. Masters were heartless; they would beat their slaves till they were close to take theirRead MoreSummary Of Twelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1227 Words   |  5 Pagesby the name Solomon Northup. He wrote a memoir addressing his oppressors and coming clean with all the unjust actions that had taken place. In his book Twelve Years a Slave, the role of religion was very evident not only in his own life, but the lives of the people who played a role in his captivity in slavery. Religion is portrayed in several different perspectives throughout Twelve Years a Slave. Northup uses this important common g round to cultivate the true relationship between slave and ownerRead MoreAnalysis Of Solomon Northup s Twelve Years A Slave 1840 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Retold by Solomon Northup (and edited by David Wilson), Twelve Years A Slave is a memoir and slave narrative that captured the author s incredible story- he was a free black man from New York who was kidnapped and sold to the Southern of the United States as a subject to slavery from 1841 to 1853 before being rescued by the efforts of his family and friends. Using detailed imagery to recounted Northup s arduous experience as a slave, the book eloquently exposed important controversiesRead MoreDehumanization in Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup1295 Words   |  6 Pages Solomon Northup was born free, in Minerva, New York in 1808. Northup became known in his community as an exceptional fiddle player. When two men approached Northup and offered him good wages to go to Washington DC, to play in a travelling music show, he quickly accepted. Solomon Northup was drugged, kidnapped, captured, and sold into slavery. He served for many masters; some were violent and cruel while others treated him humanely. Solomon Northup experienced shear torture, cruelty, and the loss

University of South Alabama Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of South Alabama is a public research university  with an acceptance rate of 79%. Located in Mobile, Alabama, USA is comprised of more than 100 programs within nine colleges. Popular undergraduate majors include health, business, education, and engineering. USA has an 18-to-1 student / faculty ratio and an average class size of 24. Outside of the classroom, students can choose from over 200 clubs and activities ranging from academic honor societies, to recreational sports, to performing arts ensembles. In athletics, the University of South Alabama Jaguars compete in the NCAA Division I  Sun Belt Conference.   Considering applying to University of South Alabama? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, the University of South Alabama had an acceptance rate of 79%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 79 students were admitted, making USAs admissions process somewhat competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 6,555 Percent Admitted 79% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 37% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of South Alabama requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 9% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 530 630 Math 510 610 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of University of South Alabamas admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of USAs admitted students scored between 530 and 630, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 630. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 510 and 610, while 25% scored below 510 and 25% scored above 610. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1240 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at the University of South Alabama. Requirements The University of South Alabama does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that USA does not superscore SAT results; your highest composite SAT score will be considered. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of South Alabama requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 94% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 29 Math 19 26 Composite 21 27 This admissions data tells us that most of University of South Alabamas admitted students fall within the  top 42% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to USA received a composite ACT score between 21 and 27, while 25% scored above 27 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements The University of South Alabama does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. The optional ACT writing section is not required by the University of South Alabama. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of the University of South Alabamas incoming freshmen class was 3.70, and nearly half of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.75 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to the University of South Alabama have primarily A grades. Admissions Chances The University of South Alabama, which accepts over three-quarters of applicants, has a somewhat selective admissions pool with above average grades and test scores.  If your SAT/ACT scores and GPA fall within the schools average range, you have a strong chance of being accepted. The University of South Alabama generally admits applicants with a minimum ACT composite score of 19 or above, a minimum SAT score of 990 or above, and a minimum GPA of 2.5 and above. However, USA also uses a  holistic admission  approach that considers academic achievement in  rigorous coursework. Potential applicants should have a minimum of four years of English; three years of math; three years of natural science (including 2 with lab component), three years of social science, and three years of advanced electives. Applicants with extenuating circumstances who do not meet USAs admission standards may file an appeal and submit additional information to be considered for admission. The University of South Alabama will consider letters of recommendation, personal essays, and resumes which describe special talents and skills in the appeal process.  Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and test scores are outside the University of South Alabamas average range. If You Like University of South Alabama, You May Also Like These Schools University of MobileSamford UniversityFlorida State UniversitySewanee - University of the SouthAuburn UniversityMississippi State University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of South Alabama Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Aristotle on Justice - 2000 Words

In this paper, I shall address two central contemporary criticisms of Aristotles conception of justice. These criticisms of Aristotles account of specific justice have focused on two central problems. First, Aristotles insistence that all specifically unjust actions are motivated by pleonexia Pleonexia can be understood as the desire to have more of some socially availablegood, and is usually translated as greed or acquisitiveness. Close . Second, Aristotle does not identify a deficient vice with respect to justice. This violates his golden mean doctrine with respect to virtue. Without the identification of the deficient vice with respect to justice, then justice must not be a virtue of character. Due to considerations of†¦show more content†¦Defending ones home, fighting against invaders, when they are attacking the state to preserve ones family and friends is an example of the application of these qualifications on the virtue of courage. Considering how this action affects the overall well being of others, we are considering how the action is generally just. In sum, the distinction being made here is that the same virtue can be seen all by itself, as a part of the character of an individual only, and where the virtue is in relation to another person in a particular political community, and its effects on the well being of others in that political community. We have the same state considered from dif ferent perspectives. Aristotle says that justice is spoken of in two ways: as lawful and as fair. I will discuss general justice first in order to distinguish it from specific justice. Generally speaking, general justice is concerned with the common good of the community. In the Politics, Aristotle refers to justice as being a communal virtue. Similarly, then, we shall say that virtue has a just claim in the dispute, since [general] justice, we say, is a communal (koinoniken) virtue, which all the other virtues necessarily accompany (Pol.1283a36-39 trans. Reeve [modified]). This communal or relational aspect of justice shows up both in general and specific justice. I shall discuss the communal orShow MoreRelatedGreek Justice : Plato And Aristotle1085 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophers and Justice as the Greek World Expands in 400-150 BCE Justice could be the defined as the quality of being fair and reasonable, during the period of 400-150 BCE when the Greek civilization was being formed. Plato and Aristotle are philosphers, who are leading figures of ancient Greek civilization and both discussed justice and established theories about the views of being just. Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Plato. Aristotle and Plato had differentRead MorePlato And Aristotle On Justice And Law1565 Words   |  7 Pages Plato and Aristotle lived in a time where rule of man was the common practice in government. Under the system of the rule of man, citizens are governed by an individual or small group of rulers. On the other hand, the idea of the rule of law is one that proposes that laws should be supreme over each citizen including the ruler(s). In their writings, Plato and Aristotle focused on justice and law, and the reasons they are important in society. Throughout history, many leaders have looked to theseRead MoreAristotle s Views On Justice2537 Words   |  11 PagesAristotle on Justice as Equality Aristotle forwards the view that justice is equality. Crucial to his view of equality is that equality means treating what is similar similarly and what is dissimilar dissimilarly. This is as opposed to more modern understandings of equality which maintain overlooking relevant dissimilarities. However, there is an apparent emptiness to Aristotle’s idea of equality, for in any difference of treatment between individuals or groups there is always some difference betweenRead MoreAristotle s Views On Justice Essay1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe philosophical argument of what defines justice is a debate that has persisted since the origins of human society. Socrates in Plato’s Republic states that â€Å"So long as I do not know what the just is, I shall hardly know whether it is a virtue or not and whether the one who has it is unhappy or happy†(The Republic, Pg 34). Without knowledge on what justice means, it is impossible to determine if an action is good or bad. Ari stotle views Justice as an appropriate balance of virtues away from vicesRead MoreAristotle And Kant s Theory Of Justice1327 Words   |  6 Pages To compare philosophers Aristotle and Immanuel Kant is essentially to compare modern philosophy to classic philosophy. Aristotle’s theory of justice links together ethics and politics; while Kant’s theory of justice is based on strictly defined principles of morality. Modern philosopher Michael J. Sandel provides a detailed analysis of each theory in his book Justice: What’s the Right Thing to do? Although the key features of Aristotle’s and Kant’s theories are mostly different in nature, thereRead MoreJustice: Plato vs. Aristotle Essay1024 Words   |  5 Pagesand Aristotle, arguably the most important philosophers of their time, both made attempts to define justice. Being that Aristotle was a student of Plato, their ideas share many similarities. Both viewed justice as the harmonious interaction of p eople in a society. However, Plato defined his ideal of justice with more usage of metaphysics, invoking his Form of the Good, while Aristotle took a more practical approach, speaking in terms of money and balance. Although Aristotles ideal of justice mayRead MoreAristotle s Views On Morality And Justice Essay2066 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Aristotle is considered one of, if not the greatest, philosophers of all time. This paper will discuss Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between ethics and justice, ethical philosophies interpreted by other, but distinct, philosophers, Aristotle’s virtue theory and justice philosophy, as discussed in his book, Nicomachean Ethics: Book V, and how western ethics and justice concepts effect existing American civil and criminal justice systems. Ethics and Justice AccordingRead MoreAristotle and Plato: Death Action and Justice1284 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle and Plato: Death, Action and Justice Ancient philosophers wrestled considerably with the questions of right and wrong, good and evil, just and unjust. The struggle to understand and define these various dynamics was cast into constant debate, especially in the context of the pagan and imperial Athenian state. Here, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle would continually advance the discussion on how best to define man, both practically and ethically. In the two prompting statementsRead MoreA Theory Of Justice And If Aristotle Ran General Motors1684 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess. If I were to create my own business I would attempt to create a culture in which the employees and community respected my business and the work I tried to accomplish for the community. Through the work of John Rawl’s, â€Å"A Theory of Justice† and â€Å"If Aristotle Ran General Motors† I have created a list of values that I would uphold in my own business in order to ensure a culture that promotes this type of suc cess. These values I would advocate for are honesty, communication, compassion, and beautyRead MoreA Definition Of Justice By Aristotle And The Star Spangled Banner2010 Words   |  9 Pagessociety has gained their independence by creating justice for themselves while producing inequalities for others; some affected by â€Å"justice† were people with different ideas than government, slaves, women and free African-Americans. Aristotle’s â€Å"A Definition of Justice† describes the differences of the state with an oligarchy and democracy as government. In both systems of government, Aristotle states men have a misconception of justice. â€Å"Justice is thought by them to be, and is, equality, not, however

Cultural Differences Betterment of the Society

Question: Describe about the Cultural Differences for Betterment of the Society. Answer: Introduction Cultural differences refer to the differences among people in terms of their beliefs, values, convictions, behaviors, definitions of right and wrong, ethics etc. Such differences can make the same action or activity to be considered as good in one society while offending and selfish in another society (Price, 2013). Culture is something, which can be seen as a consequence of civilization of people, mythical stories, folk tales and continuous history. And cultural differences arise between countries as different countries share different histories, evolution and mythical stories (Verbeke, 2010). It is very important to study and understand these differences because of its wide applications in different aspects of life and growing popularity. Business corporates need to understand cultural differences to formulate their strategy in different countries. Historical studies make references of cultural differences to validate and research on history (Vianelli, 2013). Marketing activities n eed to understand cultural differences so as to make advertising more appealing in different countries without hurting any community. Cultural differences are also important area of research for Phycologists. Such differences have wide application in political, economic areas of any country (Abdullah, 2009). They are used to establish peach also. The objective of this report is to discuss the cultural differences between China and USA. Analysis: Cultural Differences It is also very important to know the strengths and weaknesses of each culture, their diversity and how they can be leveraged in the betterment of the society as a whole. Also, some cultures converge in some of the areas raising a question if the cultures share same history. In course of this report, cultural differences the top 2 economies of the world i.e. between China and US will be compared (Meissner, 2012). Hofstedes develops a very powerful model to study and understand cultural differences. Initially, this model has 4 dimensions to study the cultural differences but it has been refined over a period of time and now it has 6 dimensions. This model is accepted worldwide. China and USA countries will be compared based on the 6 dimensions suggested by Hofstede. Power distance Index Power distance refers to the degree to which people accepts the unequal power distribution in the society. This index actually suggests societys level of inequality, which is endorsed and accepted by both followers as well as leaders. Power distance in China is very high i.e. 80 as compared to 40 in US. Worlds average of this power index is 55. High power index for China simply means that high level of inequality is accepted by society in China. It means that people are influenced by the formal authority and nothing much can be done in case of power abuse by those having higher powers. It can also imply a hierarchical structure. People also liked to be led by the leaders (Bos, Brockner, Oudenalder, Kamble, Nasabi, 2013). This is quite high as compared to power index of US, which is very low. Low power index in US means that there is higher degree of equality among people in government, business organizations and families. This means the structure is flat and there are not many rules and regulations prepared separately for different sections of society. Individualism This refers to the degree of interdependence among people in a society. In individualistic societies, people generally think of themselves above the group and are not concerned much about society. In collectivist societies, people cooperate with each other in-group, socialize together and share strong bond between them (Razak, 2016). China has very low score of 20 compared to US, which has very high score of 91. This means that people in US are much more professional and task oriented while in China, people are relationship oriented. Also, people in china have huge social circle because of collectivism and prefers to celebrate festivals with their families and friends while in People in US have very limited social circles and prefer to celebrate with their direct families. People in US keep their professional and personnel life separate while this is not the case in China. An ALs, US person stress more on privacy and individual achievements and does not care much about reputation and their image in society (Beck, 2014). On the other hand, people in china are too much concerned about their image in the society and take reputation very seriously. Masculinity Masculine attributes are strength, achievements, success, competitions, assertiveness and Feminine attributes are relationship oriented, quality of life, caring, showing concern for others. Masculine societies prefer to manage the conflicts through war and force while feminine societies prefer negotiations. Societies having higher masculine score generally have higher masculine attributes and there is not much overlapping between the males and females section of society. There are roles and responsibilities clearly defined for males and females. On the other hand, Feminine societies have higher level of overlapping between males and females. This index is high for both China and US. That means people in China and US identified themselves with the words like Success, competition. This score is higher for China as compared to US which also implies that Chinese works more to earn more and achieve success and sacrifice their leisure to spend time at work. Masculine dominated societies also have strong feelings of egos and competition and concerned about their career. Uncertainty avoidance index It refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by uncertainty and try to control the uncertainty by controlling it. The score of China for uncertainty avoidance index is very low as compared to US. This means that china societies have less sense of urgency and comfortable in dealing with unknown. Chinese are open to embrace change and inclined towards open-ended decision-making. Also, Titles are not given much importance and showing off should be avoidable. US have higher score and they try to control life. Societies with higher score uncertainty avoidance tend to be more stressful as people tends to control everything no matter it is in their control or not. In US, people tend to be more logical, scientific and reasonable in accepting the various ideas while in china it is not the case. People in US will not believe in historical truths, spirituality unless they see the logic in that. They are more scientific in their approach and always look for a reason (Talhel,, Zhang, O ishi, Shimin, Duan, Lan, Kityama, 2014). Such societies are more innovative because they question the status quo. People in China are more traditional and conservative in believing the folk tales and trust their ancestors. Long-term orientation It refers to degree to which society maintain and uphold its traditions in past in dealing with the future situations. This score is very high in china and very low in US. Societies having high long-term orientation score tend to be more pragmatic and believe that truth depends on time and circumstances. People are modest; ask questions and more willing to compromise. They avoid self-obsession. US have very low score on long term orientation which means that people take themselves very seriously and always ready to oversell themselves which means they are self obsessed. Also, People are not much willing to compromise, as compromise is perceived as an attribute of weak. In US, people are more concerned with quick profits and short term gains as compared to long term gains while in China, there is culture of saving quite popular as people tends to think about long term. Indulgence Indulgences refer to the degree to which people try to control whims and desires and instant gratification. US have a very high score of indulgence while China score low on this parameter. This means that people in US have less control over their whims and desires while people in China have more control over their desires and does not believe much in instant gratification (Heslop, 2014). This is the reason people in US tend to enjoy leisure more, went to travel around world more, enjoy their food and drinks in pubs and does not save much money for future. It can also be said that US people not able to save because of weak controls and their inability to control themselves. People in china do not give much importance to leisure time and control their desires and gratification (Bishop, Hoang, Bone, Steinberg, 2016). Chinese have the ability to save money for future and thus does not spend much in leisure and enjoyment activities. Some other common Cultural differences Apart from parameters defined by Hofstedes model, there are other cultural differences also. Lets look at few: Empathy People in China are very empathetic towards the needs of others. People will put themselves in shoes of each other to understand the situation from others point of view. They treat other people well and also like to be treated well (Valencia, 2011). However, culture in US is not very empathetic towards the needs of others. This can also be explained by Individualism Vs collectivism parameter of Hofstede model. In china, People prefer to be a part of group (Moran, Abramson, Moran, 2014). In US, People look for high IQ (intelligence quotient) while in China people prefer to have high EQ (Emotional intelligence). Time sensitivity People in US are very professional and committed to their deadlines much more than Chinese. Chinese have little laid back attitude in this respect. If someone joins the meeting late by 10, 15 minutes, it is perfectly acceptable in China unlike US (Ahadi, Rothbart, Ye, 1993). Respect to ancestors People stay with their elders in China while it is not the case in US. From the early age, everyone prefers independence and people generally dont stay with their parents after 18-19 years of age (Frost, 2011). There are many traditions in China where people respect their ancestors, visit the grave of dead people once a year and pay their honor. Desire to showoff and consumerism: In chine, People are not ostentatious as compared to the people in US. That is why; Consumerism is very high in US as people have the nature to buy the things to show off even when they dont need it (Rallapalli, Montgomery, 2015). Also, buying by taking loans is more common in US as compared to Chinese society. In chine, there is a culture of saving and people buy once they save enough is more common. In US, people easily take loans because of their inability to control their whims and desires and also show off. This can also be explained by the parameter of Indulgence of Hofstedes model. Brand trust Organizations in China have faced lot of quality issues in the past and hence lose their credibility. Though, Chinese products are cheap but there is often substandard, cheap raw material copied and influenced by something expensive. Chinese have copied all the expensive US brands and selling them at very cheap price in local markets. Chinese tends to imitate (Rallapalli, Montgomery, 2015). In US, Innovation is more and also quality is also really very high. Health Conscious People is US are not very health conscious and eats lot of processed foods. Obesity and Diabetes is very common in US. In China, People dont prefer to eat processed foods. Instead they cook fresh food every time. They are more health conscious and believe in living balanced life. Divorce rates Divorce is much more popular in US culture as compared to China. In US, people dont hesitate to take divorce if there is any trouble since people dont care much about their reputation and image in the society. However, in china, divorce rate is very low (Meisel, Ning, Campbell, Goodie, 2016). People generally avoid their decisions to take divorce in small matters. They take divorce unless it is absolutely necessary. People who are divorced are looked down in the society and Chinese people are very much conscious about their reputation and image in the society. Social structure In china, political and social structure is hierarchical and formal and people generally socialized with the people in their structures while in US, it is not uncommon to see people socializing with anyone as there are not many rules and structure is more loose and informal. In China, even on business organizations, families and corporations, there is strict hierarchical structure. Parents make decision for their children on their behalf however in US, the structure is more kind of flat and there is greater comfort level between parents and children, management and employees. All the decisions involve discussion. In US, parents do make decisions for their children. In fact, rules are very strict in US, children can complain to police also if parents are trying to force their decisions on children (Su, Li, Lin, Xu, Zhu, 2013). In organizations, also management involves employees in discussion before taking decisions. Conflict Management In US, People manage conflict by confronting each other face to face. Debates and arguments are very much possible. However, this is not the case in China. In China, lot of things like power, position, and respect goes along with the conflict management. People tend to avoid conflicts with those who have higher power and position no matter what the truth is. Business relations In US, business meetings tend to focus more on agenda and business problem rather than socializing. In China, people socialize with each other, spends time with each other even in business relations. In US, while hiring, merit and skills are given much more importance. In china, referrals and contacts are also required to get a job along with a good feedback from previous employers (Bedford, 2016). Morals Chinese are high on morals be it religious or ethical. There are not rules but inherent in society due to reputation that dating is not much encouraged at young age. In American culture, there is complete freedom about dating, marriages and divorces. People generally dont care about society while taking decisions. Conclusion Based on the above discussion it can be said that both USA and China have different cultures. USA is a developed nations and China would have a lot of benchmarking to done against the cultural factors or cultural attributes of USA that make it an advanced nation. The global markets and international trade has emerge as a platform where the cultural gaps could be minimized. It is expected that the culture of these two countries would see some convergence as the global market continues to expand and international trade continue to increase. References Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Vianelli, D. (2013).Global marketing: contemporary theory, practice, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, c2013. xxi, 602 pages: illustrations, maps; 26 cm. Ali, H., Azimah Chew Abdullah, N., Subramaniam, C. (2009). Management practice in safety culture and its influence on workplace injury: An industrial study in Malaysia.Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal,18(5), 470-477. Retrieved form: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/09653560911003660 Ahadi, S. A., Rothbart, M. K., Ye, R. (1993). Children's temperament in the US and China: Similarities and differences. European Journal of Personality, 7(5), 359-378. Bedford, O. (2016). Crossing Boundaries An Exploration of Business Socializing (Ying Chou for Guanxi) in a Chinese Society. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 290-306. Bishop, H., Hoang, D. T., Boone, C., Steinberg, D. H. (2016, January). CUSTOMER SERVICE HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN CHINA THE USA AMONG ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS. In Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings (Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. https://www.geert-hofstede.com/ Meisel, M. K., Ning, H., Campbell, W. K., Goodie, A. S. (2016). Narcissism, Overconfidence, and Risk Taking in US and Chinese Student Samples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(3), 385-400. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014). Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Meissner, H. G. (2012).Strategic international marketing. Springer Science Business Media. Martin, J., Frost, P. (2011). The organizational culture war games.Sociology of organizations: Structures and relationships,315. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture.Management Decision,49(1), 55-72. Ochieng, E. G., Price, A. D. F., Ruan, X., Egbu, C. O., Moore, D. (2013). The effect of cross-cultural uncertainty and complexity within multicultural construction teams.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,20(3), 307-324. Papadopoulos, N., Heslop, L. A. (2014).Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Rallapalli, K. C., Montgomery, C. D. (2015). Marketing Strategies For Asian-Americans: Guidelines Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. In Minority Marketing: Research Perspectives for the 1990s (pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. Samaha, S. A., Beck, J. T., Palmatier, R. W. (2014). The role of culture in international relationship marketing.Journal of Marketing,78(5), 78-98. Shafaei, A., Razak, N. A. (2016). International Postgraduate Students Cross-Cultural Adaptation in Malaysia: Antecedents and Outcomes.Research in Higher Education, 1-29. Su, S., Li, X., Lin, D., Xu, X., Zhu, M. (2013). Psychological adjustment among leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ behind children in rural China: the role of parental migration and parentchild communication. Child: care, health and development, 39(2), 162-170. Talhelm, T., Zhang, X., Oishi, S., Shimin, C., Duan, D., Lan, X., Kitayama, S. (2014). Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture. Science, 344(6184), 603-608. Tung, R. L., Verbeke, A. (2010). Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research.Journal of International Business Studies,41(8), 1259-1274. Van den Bos, K., Brockner, J., van den Oudenalder, M., Kamble, S. V., Nasabi, A. (2013). Delineating a method to study cross-cultural differences with experimental control: The voice effect and countercultural contexts regarding power distance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(4), 624-634.